Day of days
Jun. 7th, 2004 12:28 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
khaosworks60 years ago, the largest single invasion force in human history was launched against the Normandy Coast. Operation Overlord, in the end, involved more than 5,000 ships, 12,000 aircraft and over a million soldiers. It was not just a matter of hurling as much as they could against the German fortifications - it was a matter of guile as well. The Germans knew that the invasion was coming - the only question was where, and when. The Allies' Operation Fortitude had, for months, cultivated the impression that a task force was going to land along the Calais coast, the narrowest part of the English Channel between England and France. The deception used faked plans to be dropped into enemy hands, decoy vehicles whose silhouettes could be seen from the French coast, and the word that General George S. Patton would be leading this military force. The brilliant but erratic Patton was himself in disgrace with the Allied Command. However, the Germans respected skill, and assumed that the Allies would as well. To the Germans, leaving Patton out of a leadership role in an European invasion was almost unthinkable. The Allies were all too happy to take advantage of that misconception, and the name of Patton being attached to this phantom force therefore lent the fiction that much more plausibility.
The invasion was actually launched in the late night of June 5 and early morning of June 6. This was to secure strategic points inland, so that the left and right flanks of the main invasion force would be secured when they finally hit the beaches. The British sent in their 6th Airborne Division, silently moving in using gliders, to capture a bridge that spanned the river Orne, near Caen. Code-named Pegasus, the glider troops carried out their orders - three words that soldiers really want to hear: "Hold until relieved." Reinforcements through the day helped to bolster their efforts, and eventually the strains of the 6th Commandos' bagpipes were a welcome sound.
Also in the early hours of June 6, the American 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions were deployed by parachute around Vierville and Saint-Mère-Église. The transports carrying them in encountered heavy anti-aircraft fire - due to this and also the difficulty of navigating in the dark, the American paratroopers were scattered across a wide area. To their credit, the 101st and 82nd Airborne adjusted by forming ad hoc units of their own from whichever friendlies they could find, but many continued to fight for days behind enemy lines trying to make it back to their units.
When the main force hit the beaches, they encountered varying levels of enemy resistance. The Normandy Coast had been divided into different beachheads - Sword and Gold beaches were British responsibilities; Juno was given to the Canadians, and Omaha and Utah were handed to the Americans. As is well known by most people, the heaviest resistance was encountered at Omaha Beach, where the US 1st and 29th Infantry Divisions (V Corps) bore the brunt of the well-trained German 352nd Division, losing some 4,000 men before the day was out. In contrast, only 197 casualties out of 23,000 were reported at Utah, the smallest figures of any of the beachheads.
The beachheads were supposed to have been linked by the first day. This did not happen, but neither did they succumb to the inevitable German counterattacks. Working from the left flank to the right, by June 13, Utah was finally linked, forming a continuous Allied line that stretched nearly ten miles inland. Slowly and painfully, the infantry marched towards Cherbourg, through the bocages - hedgerows - that both hindered movement and provided ideal defensive positions for the Germans. However, air superiority and the destruction of the French railway lines were hindering the strength of the response, and Cherbourg surrendered on 26th June. At the same time, the British tank corps were moving in on the Caen peninsular, and by July 28th, Patton's US Third Army, now called in that the deception was no longer needed, bulldozed its way into the northwest of France. The liberation of Paris was at hand.
Operation Overlord did not go to plan - that was to be expected. As the old axiom goes, no plan ever survives contact with the enemy. The million men of Overlord were well-trained, well-drilled, and their officers able to improvise and learn as they went along, and that in the end was what told the day. Where Overlord was an unqualified success was as a symbol of international cooperation. It delivered a message to Nazi Germany that it now stood alone. With Italy gone, and the Japanese never having been able to assist with the European war; with the Russians pressing in from the East and the other countries moving in from the West, it became clear that it was only a matter of time. The Germans would continue to resist, of course, and that took its toll on the Allied armies, but as 1944 faded into 1945, the resistance became more desperate as the clock continued to mark the dying days of the Third Reich.
The invasion was actually launched in the late night of June 5 and early morning of June 6. This was to secure strategic points inland, so that the left and right flanks of the main invasion force would be secured when they finally hit the beaches. The British sent in their 6th Airborne Division, silently moving in using gliders, to capture a bridge that spanned the river Orne, near Caen. Code-named Pegasus, the glider troops carried out their orders - three words that soldiers really want to hear: "Hold until relieved." Reinforcements through the day helped to bolster their efforts, and eventually the strains of the 6th Commandos' bagpipes were a welcome sound.
Also in the early hours of June 6, the American 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions were deployed by parachute around Vierville and Saint-Mère-Église. The transports carrying them in encountered heavy anti-aircraft fire - due to this and also the difficulty of navigating in the dark, the American paratroopers were scattered across a wide area. To their credit, the 101st and 82nd Airborne adjusted by forming ad hoc units of their own from whichever friendlies they could find, but many continued to fight for days behind enemy lines trying to make it back to their units.
When the main force hit the beaches, they encountered varying levels of enemy resistance. The Normandy Coast had been divided into different beachheads - Sword and Gold beaches were British responsibilities; Juno was given to the Canadians, and Omaha and Utah were handed to the Americans. As is well known by most people, the heaviest resistance was encountered at Omaha Beach, where the US 1st and 29th Infantry Divisions (V Corps) bore the brunt of the well-trained German 352nd Division, losing some 4,000 men before the day was out. In contrast, only 197 casualties out of 23,000 were reported at Utah, the smallest figures of any of the beachheads.
The beachheads were supposed to have been linked by the first day. This did not happen, but neither did they succumb to the inevitable German counterattacks. Working from the left flank to the right, by June 13, Utah was finally linked, forming a continuous Allied line that stretched nearly ten miles inland. Slowly and painfully, the infantry marched towards Cherbourg, through the bocages - hedgerows - that both hindered movement and provided ideal defensive positions for the Germans. However, air superiority and the destruction of the French railway lines were hindering the strength of the response, and Cherbourg surrendered on 26th June. At the same time, the British tank corps were moving in on the Caen peninsular, and by July 28th, Patton's US Third Army, now called in that the deception was no longer needed, bulldozed its way into the northwest of France. The liberation of Paris was at hand.
Operation Overlord did not go to plan - that was to be expected. As the old axiom goes, no plan ever survives contact with the enemy. The million men of Overlord were well-trained, well-drilled, and their officers able to improvise and learn as they went along, and that in the end was what told the day. Where Overlord was an unqualified success was as a symbol of international cooperation. It delivered a message to Nazi Germany that it now stood alone. With Italy gone, and the Japanese never having been able to assist with the European war; with the Russians pressing in from the East and the other countries moving in from the West, it became clear that it was only a matter of time. The Germans would continue to resist, of course, and that took its toll on the Allied armies, but as 1944 faded into 1945, the resistance became more desperate as the clock continued to mark the dying days of the Third Reich.
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Date: 2004-06-06 11:10 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2004-06-06 08:45 pm (UTC)